{"id":5336,"date":"2025-06-24T17:05:24","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T15:05:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/regen.mediartia.com\/research-development-5\/"},"modified":"2025-11-24T09:56:09","modified_gmt":"2025-11-24T08:56:09","slug":"concussion-phatophysiology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/regen.mediartia.com\/en\/concussion-phatophysiology\/","title":{"rendered":"RESEARCH &amp; DEVELOPMENT"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; content_placement=&#8221;top&#8221; custom_css_code=&#8221;LmdlbS1pbWFnZS1jZW50ZXJlZC1ib3glMjAlN0IlMEElMjAlMjAlMjAlMjBtYXJnaW4tYm90dG9tJTNBJTIwMCUzQiUwQSU3RCUwQS5pbWctYm9yZGVyLXJhZGl1cyUyMGltZyU3QiUwQSUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMGJvcmRlci1yYWRpdXMlM0ElMjAzM3B4JTNCJTBBJTdEJTBBLmN1c3RvbS1pbmZvdGV4dCUyMCU3QiUwQSUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMHdpZHRoJTNBJTIwMjIwcHglM0IlMEElN0QlMEElNDBtZWRpYSUyOG1heC13aWR0aCUzQSUyMDk5MXB4JTI5JTdCJTBBJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwLmN1c3RvbS1pbmZvdGV4dCUyMCU3QiUwQSUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMHdpZHRoJTNBJTIwMjAwcHglM0IlMEElMjAlMjAlMjAlMjAlN0QlMEElN0Q=&#8221; thegem_revesrse_columns_mobile=&#8221;true&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1753438612121{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 85px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}&#8221; tablet_padding_top=&#8221;160&#8243; el_class=&#8221;CONTENEDORPIRATA&#8221; mobile_padding_top=&#8221;45&#8243; mobile_margin_bottom=&#8221;-100&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1750698481768{padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 75px !important;}&#8221; tablet_padding_right=&#8221;42&#8243; mobile_padding_bottom=&#8221;60&#8243; mobile_padding_right=&#8221;21&#8243; el_class=&#8221;INTROPIRATA&#8221;]<div class=\"thegem-te-heading thegem-custom-6a2108a09ff282733\" ><div id=\"thegem-heading-6a2108a09fed4\" class=\"thegem-heading title-h2 vc_custom_1750777046605\" style=\"text-align: left;\" ><span>THERAPEUTIC DEVELOPMENT<\/span><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">#thegem-heading-6a2108a09fed4 {margin: 0;}#thegem-heading-6a2108a09fed4 a:hover, #thegem-heading-6a2108a09fed4 a:hover span.colored {color: var(--thegem-to-menu-level1-color-hover, #00BCD4) !important;}<\/style><\/div><style>@media screen and (max-width: 1023px) {.thegem-te-heading.thegem-custom-6a2108a09ff282733{display: block!important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {.thegem-te-heading.thegem-custom-6a2108a09ff282733{display: block!important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 1023px) {.thegem-te-heading.thegem-custom-6a2108a09ff282733{position: relative !important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {.thegem-te-heading.thegem-custom-6a2108a09ff282733{position: relative !important;}}<\/style>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Concussion <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]With more than 6 out of every 1,000 people affected, concussions are one of the most common sports injuries (5% of all sports injuries*). In the United States, between 1.6 and 3.8 million concussions occur every year**. Often underestimated and misdiagnosed, these shock injuries disrupt brain function, leading to increased and sometimes persistent cognitive risks, as well as neurodegenerative diseases*** such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy. In the absence of any specific curative treatment, care is limited to targeted interventions in the event of persistent symptoms.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">* <em><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15083870\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, (2004)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>**<\/em> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.em-consulte.com\/article\/1685877\/epidemiologie-des-commotions-cerebrales-dans-le-sp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Journal de Traumatologie du Sport (2024)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>*** <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25748121\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Molecular and cell neuroscience (2015)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<strong>In the sporting world, the sports mainly concerned are : <\/strong>[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1750773328334{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 45px !important;}&#8221; tablet_padding_top=&#8221;30&#8243; mobile_padding_top=&#8221;50&#8243;][vc_column_inner mobile_padding_bottom=&#8221;70&#8243;]<style>.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766 .gem-icon-inner {background-color: #F5E5C2;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766 .gem-icon-half-1 {color: #F1BD49;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766 .gem-icon-half-2 {color: #F1BD49;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766 .gem-icon-style-gradient .back-angle {background: linear-gradient( to bottom, #F1BD49, ); -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent; -webkit-background-clip: text;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766 .gem-icon  {border-color: #F5E5C2;border-color: #F5E5C2;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766 .gem-icon  {font-size: 22px;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766 .gem-icon:not(.gem-simple-icon) .gem-icon-inner {width: 33px; height: 33px; line-height: 33px;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766 .gem-icon.gem-simple-icon {width: 22px; height: 22px; line-height: 22px;}.gem-infotext.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766 .gem-infotext-icon {margin-top:-2px !important;}.gem-infotext.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766 .gem-infotext-icon {margin-right:20px !important;}<\/style><div class=\"gem-infotext vc_custom_1753093944229 alignment-left thegem-custom-6a2108a0a00294766\"> <div class=\"gem-infotext-wrap position--left vertical--center\"> <div class=\"gem-infotext-icon\"> <div class=\"gem-icon gem-icon-pack-elegant gem-icon-size-custom gem-icon-shape-circle\"> <div class=\"gem-icon-inner\"><span class=\"gem-icon-half-1\"><span class=\"back-angle\">&#x4e;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"gem-icon-half-2\"><span class=\"back-angle\">&#x4e;<\/span><\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gem-infotext\"> <div class=\"gem-infotext__title\"> <div class=\"title-customize text-body\" style=\"\"> <strong>Individual sports:<\/strong> skiing, motor sports, horse-riding... <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div><style>.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578 .gem-icon-inner {background-color: #F5E5C2;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578 .gem-icon-half-1 {color: #F1BD49;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578 .gem-icon-half-2 {color: #F1BD49;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578 .gem-icon-style-gradient .back-angle {background: linear-gradient( to bottom, #F1BD49, ); -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent; -webkit-background-clip: text;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578 .gem-icon  {border-color: #F5E5C2;border-color: #F5E5C2;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578 .gem-icon  {font-size: 22px;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578 .gem-icon:not(.gem-simple-icon) .gem-icon-inner {width: 33px; height: 33px; line-height: 33px;}.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578 .gem-icon.gem-simple-icon {width: 22px; height: 22px; line-height: 22px;}.gem-infotext.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578 .gem-infotext-icon {margin-top:-2px !important;}.gem-infotext.thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578 .gem-infotext-icon {margin-right:20px !important;}<\/style><div class=\"gem-infotext vc_custom_1753094951485 alignment-left thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01328578\"> <div class=\"gem-infotext-wrap position--left vertical--center\"> <div class=\"gem-infotext-icon\"> <div class=\"gem-icon gem-icon-pack-elegant gem-icon-size-custom gem-icon-shape-circle\"> <div class=\"gem-icon-inner\"><span class=\"gem-icon-half-1\"><span class=\"back-angle\">&#x4e;<\/span><\/span><span class=\"gem-icon-half-2\"><span class=\"back-angle\">&#x4e;<\/span><\/span><\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <div class=\"gem-infotext\"> <div class=\"gem-infotext__title\"> <div class=\"title-customize text-body\" style=\"\"> <strong>Team sports:<\/strong> soccer, rugby, American soccer, field hockey, handball, basketball, martial arts, boxing... <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div>[\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1750698153438{padding-top: 90px !important;}&#8221; mobile_padding_top=&#8221;175&#8243; el_class=&#8221;IMAGENPIRATA&#8221;]<div class=\"centered-box gem-image-centered-box\" ><div class=\"gem-image gem-wrapbox gem-wrapbox-style-default gem-wrapbox-position-centered img-border-radius thegem-custom-6a2108a0a01f09465\"  style=\"\" ><div class=\"gem-wrapbox-inner \" ><img class=\"gem-wrapbox-element img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/regen.mediartia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Photo_RD_introduction_1000x720-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; custom_css_code=&#8221;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&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1750698736234{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 85px !important;padding-bottom: 85px !important;background-color: #FFFFFF !important;}&#8221;][vc_column css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1726578677849{padding-top: 0px !important;}&#8221;][vc_row_inner content_placement=&#8221;bottom&#8221;][vc_column_inner]<style type=\"text\/css\">.thegem-button-6a2108a0a05ac2906 .gem-button svg {fill: #000000;}<\/style><div class=\"gem-button-container gem-button-position-left thegem-button-6a2108a0a05ac2906 QUITARLINK   \"  ><a class=\"gem-button gem-button-size-small gem-button-style-flat gem-button-text-weight-normal\" data-ll-effect=\"drop-right-without-wrap\" style=\"border-radius: 0px;background-color: #F9E5B6;color: #000000;\" onmouseleave=\"this.style.backgroundColor='#F9E5B6';this.style.color='#000000';\" onmouseenter=\"\" href=\"\" target=\"_self\" role=\"button\">Pathophysiology<\/a><\/div> [\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner content_placement=&#8221;bottom&#8221;][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Head trauma and concussion <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Traumatic brain injury (TBI), including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion, is one of the world&#8217;s leading causes of disability. They are risk factors for neurological disorders, which can sometimes persist throughout the life of the affected patient.<\/p>\n<p>These traumas, caused by violent impacts or jolts to the head, are most often the result of road accidents, assaults, falls, or injuries sustained in sporting, domestic or military contexts.<\/p>\n<p>Often caused by acceleration and deceleration movements throwing the brain against bone walls, a concussion results in altered cerebral function (transient or persistent). The main symptoms are memory impairment with amnesia, loss of consciousness, diplopia, dizziness, balance disorders, headaches, sleep problems, attention disorders and disturbances of executive functions.<\/p>\n<p>Head injuries are classified as mild, moderate or severe, depending on the duration of loss of consciousness, altered mental state and\/or amnesia.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;5337&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Source: <span style=\"color: #69abb4;\">Verboon et al., 2021 <\/span> <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Repeated episodes of concussion, even without loss of consciousness, can have severe and irreversible cumulative effects. They are particularly common among boxers, rugby and American soccer players, and military personnel. Repeated head trauma can result in a much more serious condition: chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Even a physically recovered player can develop persistent neurological and cognitive disorders.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Physical, behavioral and cognitive effects of traumatic brain injury: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;5921&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Source : <span style=\"color: #69abb4;\">Shah E et al. Frontiers in Neuroscience 13, April 2019. <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1750777930358{background-color: #FFFFFF !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Brain regions affected by traumatic brain injury<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]The frontal lobes are very sensitive to traumatic injury, but other areas of the brain can also be affected.<\/p>\n<p>The areas affected by head trauma and its impact on normal life.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;5920&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Source: <span style=\"color: #69abb4;\">Jarrahi et al., 2020<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Traumatic brain injury leads to a series of neurochemical and metabolic events. In the acute phase, neuronal death, tissue loss, damage to the blood-brain barrier and neurodegeneration are observed. Subsequently, the immune response is representative of the chronic phase, with, among other things, upregulation of inflammatory factors.<\/p>\n<p>Current research is also focusing on the mechanisms at play involving the immune system and the composition of the microbiota, and their impact on disease severity.<\/p>\n<p>Disruption of the gut-brain axis is not the cause of head trauma, but it can nevertheless be a contributing factor in its complications.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Bidirectional interactions after head trauma<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Head trauma not only affects the brain, but also provokes a stress response that triggers central inflammation and a multi-organ inflammatory response, involving the action of the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;5344&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Source: <span style=\"color: #69abb4;\">Freire Royes, 2021<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]The impact of traumatic brain injury on the composition of the microbiota, combined with the risk of subsequent severe complications, underscores the value of REGEnLIFE technology, which targets both the brain and the gut.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, the balance of the gut-brain axis and its proper functioning are essential for maintaining homeostasis, and hence good communication between organs.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1750778619152{background-color: #FFFFFF !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Head trauma and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease: the cerebrovascular link<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]This link favors the development of therapeutic approaches for both traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Indeed, the pathology of chronic traumatic brain injury is similar to that of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.<\/p>\n<p>Several studies show that the release of \u03b2-amyloid and Tau proteins causes cerebrovascular lesions. The accumulation of \u03b2-amyloid and Tau in the brain&#8217;s microblood vessels leads to adverse consequences. In turn, vascular damage induces more \u03b2-amyloid and Tau deposits, which ultimately lead to cognitive impairment and the development of Alzheimer&#8217;s-type pathology.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;5346&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #f1bd49;\"><strong>Source: <span style=\"color: #69abb4;\">Ramos Cerudo, 2018<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_row_inner css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1751014035609{margin-top: 50px !important;margin-right: 90px !important;margin-left: 90px !important;background-color: #F5E0B1 !important;border-radius: 25px !important;}&#8221; mobile_margin_left=&#8221;10&#8243; mobile_margin_right=&#8221;10&#8243;][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">Photobiomodulation is now emerging as a potential treatment for concussion.<\/h4>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; 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